## Section13.1Definition of a Binary Operation

A binary operation can be considered as a function whose input is two elements of the same set $$S$$ and whose output also is an element of $$S\text{.}$$ Two elements $$a$$ and $$b$$ of $$S$$ can be written as a pair $$(a,b)\text{.}$$ As $$(a,b)$$ is an element of the Cartesian product $$S\times S$$ we specify a binary operation as a function from $$S\times S$$ to $$S\text{.}$$

We use symbols to represent binary operations instead of function names, just as we do with addition and multiplication of integers. Addition uses the symbol $$+$$ and multiplication uses the symbol $$\cdot\text{.}$$ We will use symbols such as $$\star$$ and $$\bullet$$ to represent arbitrary (non-specific) binary operations, and we will also define new binary operations using the symbols $$\oplus$$ and $$\otimes\text{.}$$

### Definition13.1.1.

A binary operation $$\bullet$$ on a set $$S$$ is a function $$\bullet:S\times S\to S\text{.}$$ For the image of $$(a,b)\in S\times S$$ under the function $$\bullet$$ we write $$a\bullet b$$ (read ‘$$a$$ dot $$b$$’).

We give an overview over the remainder of the section in the video in Figure 13.1.2.

We give examples for binary operations that we have encountered before.

1. The addition of integers $$+:\Z\times\Z\to\Z$$ is a binary operation on $$\Z\text{.}$$ We denote the image of $$(a, b) \in \Z \times \Z$$ by $$a+b\text{.}$$

2. The multiplication of natural numbers $$\cdot:\N\times\N\to\N$$ is a binary operation on $$\N\text{.}$$ We denote the image of $$(a, b) \in \N \times \N$$ by $$a\cdot b\text{.}$$

3. The subtraction of integers $$-:\Z\times\Z\to\Z$$ is a binary operation on $$\Z\text{.}$$ We denote the image of $$(a, b) \in \Z \times \Z$$ by $$a- b\text{.}$$

As is the case for other functions, there are several ways of specifying a binary operation. If the set is small, we sometimes specify the binary operation by a table.

Let $$T:=\{\Tx,\Ty,\Tz\}\text{.}$$ The binary operation $$\star:T\times T \to T$$ is given by the operation table:

 $$\star$$ $$\Tx$$ $$\Ty$$ $$\Tz$$ $$\Tx$$ $$\Tz$$ $$\Tx$$ $$\Ty$$ $$\Ty$$ $$\Tx$$ $$\Ty$$ $$\Tz$$ $$\Tz$$ $$\Ty$$ $$\Tz$$ $$\Tx$$

From the table, we can obtain $$a\star b$$ (read “$$a$$ star $$b$$”) for each $$a,b \in T\text{:}$$

To determine the value of $$\Ty\star\Tz$$ we go to the $$\Ty$$ row which is

 $$\star$$ $$\Tx$$ $$\Ty$$ $$\Tz$$ $$\cdots$$ $$\Ty$$ $$\Tx$$ $$\Ty$$ $$\Tz$$ $$\cdots$$

In the $$\Tz$$ column of this row we now find the value of $$\Ty\star\Tz\text{,}$$ namely $$\Tz\text{.}$$

When we go through all possible combinations we obtain:

\begin{gather*} \Tx \star \Tx=\Tz\\ \Tx\star \Ty=\Tx\\ \Tx\star \Tz=\Ty\\ \Ty \star \Tx=\Tx\\ \Ty\star \Ty=\Ty\\ \Ty\star \Tz=\Tz\\ \Tz \star \Tx=\Ty\\ \Tz\star \Ty=\Tz\\ \Tz\star \Tz=\Tx \end{gather*}

As before we use parenthesis to indicate order of operations. We first evaluate the expression in the parenthesis.

Let S be a set and let * : S $$\times$$ S $$\to$$ S be a binary operation on S. We read a * b as 'a star b'.

An element e in S is an identity element with respect to * if

• select

• (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)

• a * b = b * a

• a * e = a and e * a = a

• a * b = e and b * a = e

for
• select

• all a in S

• one a in S

• all a in S and all b in S

• one a in S and one b in S

• all a in S, all b in S, and all c in S

• one a in S, one b in S, and one c in S

• the identity e with respect to * in S

• all e in S

$${\text{a * e = a and e * a = a}}$$

$$\text{all a in S}$$

Sometimes it can be useful to generate the operation table from a binary operation given by an algebraic rule.

The operation table for the binary operation $$\oplus:\Z_5\times\Z_5\to\Z_5$$ given by $$a\oplus b=(a+b)\fmod 5$$ is:

 $$\oplus$$ 0 1 2 3 4 0 0 1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 0 2 2 3 4 0 1 3 3 4 0 1 2 4 4 0 1 2 3

We read $$a\oplus b$$ as “$$a$$ mod plus $$b\text{.}$$

In Checkpoint 13.1.7 complete the operation table for a binary operation.

Decide whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false give a counterexample, otherwise leave the field empty.

(1) Let the binary operation $$\otimes:\mathbb{Z}_{13}\times \mathbb{Z}_{13}\to \mathbb{Z}_{13}$$ be given by $$a \otimes b = \left(a\cdot b\right) \bmod 13\text{.}$$

• select

• The statement is true.

• The statement is false.

The identity element with respect to $$\otimes$$ is $$7\text{.}$$

Counterexample: The statement is false, because for $$b:=$$ $$\in \mathbb{Z}_{13}$$ we have $$7 \otimes b\ne b\text{.}$$

(2) Let the binary operation $$\ominus:\mathbb{Z}_{12}\times \mathbb{Z}_{12}\to \mathbb{Z}_{12}$$ be given by $$a \ominus b = \left(a-b\right) \bmod 12\text{.}$$

• select

• The statement is true.

• The statement is false.

The identity element with respect to $$\ominus$$ is $$11\text{.}$$

Counterexample: The statement is false, because for $$b:=$$ $$\in \mathbb{Z}_{12}$$ we have $$11 \ominus b\ne b\text{.}$$

(3) Let the binary operation $$\ominus:\mathbb{Z}_{8}\times \mathbb{Z}_{8}\to \mathbb{Z}_{8}$$ be given by $$a \ominus b = \left(a-b\right) \bmod 8\text{.}$$

• select

• The statement is true.

• The statement is false.

The identity element with respect to $$\ominus$$ is $$1\text{.}$$

Counterexample: The statement is false, because for $$b:=$$ $$\in \mathbb{Z}_{8}$$ we have $$1 \ominus b\ne b\text{.}$$

Hint.

An element $$e\in \mathbb{Z}_{13}$$ is the identity with respect to $$\otimes$$ if $$e \otimes b=b$$ and $$b \otimes e=b$$ for all $$b\in \mathbb{Z}_{13}\text{.}$$

An element $$e\in \mathbb{Z}_{12}$$ is the identity with respect to $$\ominus$$ if $$e \ominus b=b$$ and $$b \ominus e=b$$ for all $$b\in \mathbb{Z}_{12}\text{.}$$

An element $$e\in \mathbb{Z}_{8}$$ is the identity with respect to $$\ominus$$ if $$e \ominus b=b$$ and $$b \ominus e=b$$ for all $$b\in \mathbb{Z}_{8}\text{.}$$

$$\text{The statement is false.}$$

$$0$$

$$\text{The statement is false.}$$

$$-4.56465\times 10^{11}$$
$$\text{The statement is false.}$$
$$-4.56465\times 10^{11}$$